Just like a saga, the recent media brouhaha on virginity testing for young girls in Indonesia proves that the discourse on this testing is far from over.
In 2007, several students of Indramayu got involved in a sex video case. Indramayu regent Irianto MS Syafiuddin said back then that mandatory virginity tests will be enforced on young female students to determine if they are virgins – subject to their dismissal if proven otherwise. Although the testing never happened, the ‘virginity’ discussion continues to roll.
On 30 October 2012, the District Education Office of Seluma Regency and North proposed that virginity and pregnancy tests be conducted on young female students. After this pronouncement, the high schools came directly under fire from women’s groups such as the Concerned Women’s Network Bengkulu (JPPB) – an alliance of women’s organizations in Bengkulu composed of 12 NGOs. The virginity testing proposal originated from the dismissal of a pregnant student in one Bengkulu school. At that time, a spokesperson of JPPB said, “If these tests are implemented then the state would have power and control over women’s bodies. Psychologically, virginity tests without the consent of the child and without the presence of the child’s parents can be a traumatic event for them.”
In 2012, two cases related with virginity tests appeared on 24 September 2012, at SMK Hasanuddin, Eretan, Indramayu and in early May 2012 in the Madiun Public Junior High School. In these two cases, one female student was forced to drop out of school because after the testing, it was “proven” that she is allegedly “no longer a virgin”. The other female student was so ashamed of herself because of the publicity caused by her case that she had a difficult time finishing the school year.
There were no serious efforts of the schools and other agencies to give a fair hearing to the students. The female students forced to undergo virginity tests were asked to make a statement that they are still virgins. Their parents were likewise ‘reprimanded’ by the school for not being able to give a ‘good moral education’ to their children. As a result, these students felt guilt, shame, and trauma.
Last August 2013, the Department of Education in Prabumulih City, South Sumatra was on the spotlight over the alleged proposal for mandatory virginity tests for female students in high schools in the province. In confirmation of the reports in the media, HM Rashid, the education head of the province, explained that virginity testing is a proposal from parents of students to respond to allegations of human trafficking teams that “their children are no longer virgins.” Rashid said, “I only responded to their proposal and I supported it in order to prevent defamation.”
The media has succeeded in blowing this case out of proportion in pursuit of high ratings and ultimately for the benefit of the media business. The media has given a misleading picture about women’s sexuality. The “virginity myth” is perpetuated once more and created a stir in the communities.
Print and online media could serve as a friend or foe of the women’s movement. Despite having an extensive network, journalists failed to dig deeper into the issue. They package the news in such a way that it can reach as many readers and advertisers.
In this case, the importance of women activists participating in online community media network in order to provide rapid response and give a different perspective to mainstream media coverage is paramount.
In addition to gender-biased news media, educators and parents can also fan the flames, to the detriment of the young students. In the case of Prabumulih City in which the students were caught in human trafficking raids – female students were then “accused” of not being virgins anymore. In Indonesian context, these allegations stigmatize women and condemn them as “immoral.” When parents feel their ‘dignity’ is smeared; without thinking, they propose virginity tests.
Most educators and parents believe that virginity tests are the easiest answer to tackle students’ freedom of sexual behavior and to curb the increasing cases of human trafficking. However, as expressed by Dr. Andri Wanananda MS, of the Tarumanegara University – a sexology expert, female virginity is often exaggerated out of proportion. Female virginity is considered “easier to determine,” although the cause varies.
According to Dr. Wanananda, “intact hymen should be examined by the obstetrician or midwife – experts in obstetrics clinic procedures through intra-vaginal examination.” For many women, these checks cause discomfort physically and psychologically. Social pressure is also a contributing factor. Results of virginity tests, when used, cause the female students to be more vulnerable to discrimination and psychological violence instead.
Educators, health workers and parents need to understand that every woman, including their daughters, have the right to decide for themselves – including their own bodies, including when or whether she wants to get married, when to have children , how many children and so on. Pregnant students also have rights to continue their education that are protected by the state. Everyone, both men and women, must maintain his or her health and respect to other people’s bodies.
Both men and women need to know information related to their bodies and sexuality. Fulfilment of the right to quality sexual education is not as easy and not as fast as virginity testing. But the long term impact is very broad, including giving the confidence and understanding the biological aspects of the body.
Ignorance about sexuality will continue to lead to ‘virginity testing’ debates in Indonesia. Next year or two years from now, the same stories will appear elsewhere as long as the media picks up the issue to create sensational news rather than to speak up for women’s rights as it happens in rape and sexual harassment cases. Recurring events like this cannot be allowed because it will give space for mass media to publicize a false myth of female sexuality. Women’s rights activists should also understand the way mass media works so they check and re-check the news in order to give appropriate responses.
Forum Aktivis Perempuan Muda (FAMM-Indonesia)
Original Statement Released on August 27, 2013 (in Indonesian language)
Photo Credit: www.irrawaddy.org
Adelaide Mazwarira
Adelaide Mazwarira is a Zimbabwean feminist writer and creative storyteller – something she brings to many of JASS’ communications, publications, outreach and fundraising efforts. Adelaide currently works as the Communications Manager at JASS and is based in South Africa.
Her passion for feminisms and social justice grew from a young age which she has channeled in work with domestic violence survivors and research assistantships on violence against women and children. In her free time, Adelaide catches up on Law and Order Special Victims Unit, and her scrapbooking, and writings.
Tasha Pick (SOAS): Tasha is a queer feminist researcher based in London. Their work is situated across academic, creative and community spaces. They hold a Masters in Gender Studies from SOAS, University of London, and are about to begin a PhD exploring the connections between oceans, queer time and climate crisis. Over the past year, they have been working in public engagement at Queen Mary, University of London. Their most recent collaboration brought together East London migrant support organisations with local artists, writers and performers. Their work seeks to explore the radical imagination, the capacity to imagine and enact alternative futures, as a form of resistance to unliveable worlds.
Ronald Wesso lives in Johannesburg, South Africa. He works as a popular educator and freelance researcher at Bentec, a research and training consultancy supporting movements for social justice around natural resources, gender and labour. Ronald has experience working with labour, land, community and feminist movements. He has written widely on these matters, including the recent popular education manual ‘Behind the Scenes of Extractives: Money, Power and Community Resistance‘ published by the Count Me In! Consortium.
Rosa is a poet, artist, & activist of Mayan K’iche Kaqchiquel origin who has studied social sciences, cultural management and cinema and audiovisual performances. Rosa works enthusiastically and passionately with women and movements in Guatemala as the program coordinator with JASS. She has more than 15 years of experience working in community art processes and organizations for the Mayan movement. Rosa enjoys co-creating with other artists, feeling nature, drinking tea, enjoying music, and dancing a lot. Being aware of the history of her people and healing the history of her body, fills rosa with the energy necessary to work and fight with passion and in collective, for a bountiful life with other women, communities, and peoples.
Patricia adalah seorang perempuan Guatemala tulen dan feminis dengan gelar di bidang Antropologi Sosial. Patricia telah menulis artikel dan menerbitkan beberapa karya yang berkaitan dengan konteks regional, pembangunan perdamaian dan kontribusi perempuan dalam proses-proses ini, serta merancang dan memfasilitasi proses pelatihan, dengan penekanan dalam beberapa tahun terakhir pada Pendidikan Populer Feminis. Patricia menjabat sebagai Direktur Regional JASS Mesoamerika di mana ia berfokus pada produksi pengetahuan dan merupakan bagian dari Tim Kepemimpinan global JASS.
Alexa Bradley sudah bekerja sebagai organisator, fasilitator, ahli strategi organisasi, dan pendidik populer selama lebih dari 25 tahun. Dia mendirikan dan ikut memimpin Milwaukee Water Commons, membantu membentuk Great Lakes Commons, menjadi mitra senior di Grassroots Policy Project dan On the Commons, menjadi anggota dewan di Windcall, dan ikut memimpin Minnesota Alliance for Progressive Action. Saat ini, Alexa adalah Direktur Program JASS.
Tamara adalah seorang aktivis lingkungan yang berfokus pada isu kesetaraan, akses, dan komunitas. Dia mengembangkan inisiatif pengembangan kapasitas dan menciptakan kampanye multimedia untuk menghapus privilese dan meningkatkan peluang bagi populasi rentan untuk mengakses udara yang sehat, energi bersih, dan ekonomi bebas racun di tingkat lokal, regional, dan nasional. Toles O’Laughlin adalah seorang pemimpin yang memiliki banyak keahlian, seorang kolaborator, individu yang kaya akan sumber daya, dan seorang ‘konektor’. Beliau adalah Presiden dan CEO Asosiasi Pemberi Hibah Lingkungan. Sebelumnya, Toles O’Laughlin menjabat sebagai Direktur Amerika Utara di 350.org dan 350 Action, dan memimpin Jaringan Kesehatan Lingkungan Maryland, yang berbasis di Baltimore.
Phumi Mtetwa adalah seorang aktivis yang bekerja di bidang kesetaraan dan keadilan ekonomi, gender, dan LGBTI. Ia memiliki banyak pengalaman bekerja dalam konteks internasional dan regional, khususnya di Afrika Selatan dan Amerika Latin. Sebagai Direktur Regional JASS untuk Afrika Selatan, ia memiliki komitmen dan fokus pada landasan politik Pendidikan Populer Feminis, mengaitkan perjuangan di seluruh wilayah serta memajukan strategi perubahan yang menjadi kunci di saat-saat genting.
Dr. Awino Okech adalah Associate Professor di bidang Sosiologi Politik di SOAS, University of London di mana ia mengajar di Departemen Politik dan Studi Internasional. Dia juga merupakan anggota dewan editorial Human Sciences Research Council, Dewan Pengawas SOAS University of London, dan menjabat sebagai Associate Director Equity and Accountability. Karya-karyanya didasarkan pada pemikiran feminis Afrika, queer, dan internasionalis kulit hitam sebagai kerangka kerja utama untuk menyoal kekuasaan dan keadilan. Awino terus bekerja dengan dan mendukung berbagai dukungan gerakan feminis internasional dan Afrika serta organisasi multilateral dalam proyek-proyek yang berada di persimpangan antara gender dan keamanan serta masalah pengembangan organisasi yang lebih luas.
Tarso Luís Ramos telah menjadi peneliti dan oposisi kubu sayap kanan AS selama lebih dari 25 tahun. Sebelum bergabung dengan PRA pada tahun 2006, Ramos menjabat sebagai direktur pendiri program keadilan rasial di Western States Center, dan mengekspos serta menantang kampanye anti-lingkungan perusahaan sebagai direktur Wise Use Public Exposure Project. Ramos baru-baru ini menjabat sebagai aktivis di Barnard Center for the Study of Women dan merupakan Rockwood Leadership Institute National Yearlong Fellow untuk tahun 2017–2018.
Sohela Nazneen adalah seorang Fellow yang berbasis di klaster Tata Kelola Pemerintahan, memimpin penelitian IDS tentang Gender dan Politik dan memimpin program MA unggulan IDS di bidang Gender dan Pembangunan. Kerja-kerja Sohela berfokus pada pemberdayaan perempuan, gerakan feminis, dan daya tanggap negara terhadap kebijakan kesetaraan gender di Asia Selatan, sub-Sahara Afrika, dan Timteng. Dia telah menerbitkan karya-karyanya secara luas tentang isu-isu ini, termasuk di World Development, Development Policy Review, Gender and Development dan jurnal-jurnal lainnya. Sohela telah bekerja sebagai konsultan untuk SDC, UNWomen, UNDP, Irish Aid, The MacArthur Foundation, dan lembaga-lembaga lainnya.
Zeph adalah seorang aktivis hak asasi manusia dan keadilan lingkungan/iklim di Filipina, feminis, ahli komunikasi, ahli strategi, dan pendidik politik populer yang bekerja dengan berbagai jaringan di Asia Tenggara, terutama jaringan perempuan pedesaan dan masyarakat adat serta komunitas LGBTQ untuk membela tanah, air, wilayah, dan hak-hak mereka. Zeph memimpin proses perumusan strategi tim JASS Asia Tenggara secara keseluruhan sebagai Direktur Regional.
EJ (nama panggilan populernya) telah aktif dalam gerakan feminis dan keadilan sosial di negaranya, benua Afrika, dan secara global. Dia memulai karir pengembangannya dengan Women’s Action Group. Sejak saat itu, EJ menjadi salah satu pendiri Majelis Konstitusi Nasional Zimbabwe, bekerja di Pan-African Women in Law and Development in Africa (WiLDAF), menjadi bagian dari Feminist Leadership Institute yang pertama kali diselenggarakan di Center for Women’s Global Leadership di Rutgers University, menjabat sebagai Direktur Global untuk Hak-Hak Perempuan di ActionAid’s International, dan juga sebagai Associate Country Director Oxfam-Canada di Zimbabwe. Sejak tahun 2014, Everjoice menjabat sebagai Direktur Program dan Penjangkauan Global ActionAid International.
Ipsita adalah seorang artivist (aktivis-seniman) feminis muda dan peneliti dari India. Kerja-kerja Ipsita fokus pada topik persimpangan antara gender, pendidikan, dan aktivisme orang muda. Ia sangat percaya dengan komunikasi berbasis harapan (hope-based) dan memiliki ketertarikan dengan ragam emosi manusia yang menggambarkan empati, kebaikan, serta perspektif kemanusiaan bersama.
Ipsita is a young feminist artivist and researcher from India. She works on the intersections of gender, education, and youth activism. She is a strong believer in hope-based communications and loves to capture various human emotions invoking empathy, kindness & shared humanitarian worldview.
Sonia Corrêa adalah seorang research associate di Asosiasi Interdisipliner Brasil untuk AIDS (ABIA), Rio de Janeiro. Sejak tahun 2002, ia telah menjadi salah satu ketua Sexuality Policy Watch (SPW), sebuah forum global yang terdiri dari para peneliti dan aktivis yang terlibat dalam analisis tren global dalam kebijakan dan politik yang berkaitan dengan seksualitas. Baru-baru ini, ia telah menyunting dua koleksi studi tentang “Politik Anti-gender di Amerika Latin”. Ia pernah mengajar di institusi akademik seperti Colegio de México dan Departemen Studi Gender di London School of Economics. Ia memiliki gelar sarjana arsitektur dan gelar pascasarjana di bidang antropologi.
Crystal Simeoni is a Pan-African feminist activist and Director of Nawi – the Afrifem Macroeconomics Collective (The Nawi Collective). She works at the intersection of the technical and the colloquial, of critique and imagination, of knowledge and practice, of language and of the creation of community. She curates the work of the Nawi collective who, in community with other African feminists and organizations, work on analysing, influencing and reimagining macro level economic policies and narratives. Before Nawi, Crystal was head of Advocacy with a focus on Economic Justice at FEMNET, and the Policy Lead for the Tax and the International Financial Architecture pillar at TJN-A before that. She is also currently an Atlantic Fellow for Social and Economic Equity at the London School of Economics. In her understanding, in her critique and her imagining of a different way, her work is always at the service of life.
Raisa adalah Manajer – Program dan Inovasi di CREA. Raisa terlibat secara erat dalam kerja-kerja CREA sebagai bagian dari konsorsium Count Me In! (CMI!), menantang agenda kriminalisasi, dan inisiatif CREA tentang feminist faultiness. Selama lebih dari 10 tahun, Raisa telah bekerja bersama badan-badan intervensi berbasis hak; mulai dari hak-hak orang dengan HIV/AIDS, hak-hak anak, keadilan gender, dan partisipasi politik kaum muda. Kerja-kerjanya meliputi implementasi program, pengembangan kebijakan, pengembangan jaringan, dan penelitian. Ia memiliki gelar M.A. di bidang Pekerjaan Sosial dari Tata Institute of Social Sciences, dan M.A. di bidang Gender dan Pembangunan dari Institute of Development Studies.
Sonia Corrêa adalah seorang research associate di Asosiasi Interdisipliner Brasil untuk AIDS (ABIA), Rio de Janeiro. Sejak tahun 2002, ia telah menjadi salah satu ketua Sexuality Policy Watch (SPW), sebuah forum global yang terdiri dari para peneliti dan aktivis yang terlibat dalam analisis tren global dalam kebijakan dan politik yang berkaitan dengan seksualitas. Baru-baru ini, ia telah menyunting dua koleksi studi tentang “Politik Anti-gender di Amerika Latin”. Ia pernah mengajar di institusi akademik seperti Colegio de México dan Departemen Studi Gender di London School of Economics. Ia memiliki gelar sarjana arsitektur dan gelar pascasarjana di bidang antropologi.
Shereen adalah seorang feminis, aktivis, pendidik populer, akademisi, dan Direktur Eksekutif JASS sejak tahun 2020. Kerja-kerja Shereen didasarkan pada keterlibatannya dengan perempuan dalam serikat pekerja, gerakan sosial, dan organisasi berbasis masyarakat. Shereen telah menerbitkan banyak tulisan tentang feminisme, gerakan perempuan, dan pengorganisasian gerakan sosial di berbagai jurnal, mulai dari jurnal-jurnal Afrika Selatan hingga jurnal-jurnal internasional.
Sonia Corrêa is a research associate at the Brazilian Interdisciplinary Association for AIDS, in Rio de Janeiro. Since 2002, she has been a co-chair of Sexuality Policy Watch (SPW), a global forum comprised of researchers and activists engaged in the analyses of global trends in sexuality related policy and politics. Recently, she has edited two collections of studies on “Anti-gender Politics in Latin America”. She has taught at academic institutions such as the Colegio de México and the London School of Economics’ Department of Gender Studies. Since the late 1970s she has been involved in research and advocacy on gender equality, sexuality, health and human rights, closely following the United Nations negotiations on women’s rights and sexual and reproductive rights. She has a degree in architecture, with a postgraduate degree in anthropology.
Alexa Bradley has worked as an organizer, facilitator, organizational strategist and popular educator for over 25 years. She founded and co-directed Milwaukee Water Commons, helped form Great Lakes Commons, was a senior partner at the Grassroots Policy Project and On the Commons, sat on the board for Windcall and co-directed the Minnesota Alliance for Progressive Action. Currently, Alexa is JASS’ Programme Director.
Phumi Mtetwa is an activist working on issues of economic, gender and LGBTI equality and justice. She has a wealth of experience having worked in international and regional contexts particularly, Southern Africa and Latin America. As Regional Director for JASS Southern Africa, she continues her commitments to the political underpinnings of Feminist Popular Education, interlinking struggles across borders as well as advancing change strategies key for the conjuncture.
Zeph is a Filipina human-rights and environmental/climate justice activist, feminist, communicator, strategist, and political popular educator working with diverse networks in Southeast Asia, particularly rural and indigenous women and LGBTQ community in defense of land, water, territories, and rights. Zeph leads the JASS Southeast Asia team’s overall strategy direction as Regional Director.
Patricia is a proud Guatemalan woman, feminist, with a degree in Social Anthropology. Patricia has written articles and published several works related to regional contexts, the construction of peace and the contribution of women to these processes, as well as designed and facilitated training processes, with emphasis in recent years on Feminist Popular Education. Patricia serves as the Regional Director of JASS Mesoamerica where she focuses on knowledge production and is part of the JASS global Leadership Team.
Tamara is an environmentalist focused on equity, access, and community. She develops capacity building initiatives and creates multimedia campaigns to dismantle privilege and increase opportunities for vulnerable populations to access healthy air, clean energy, and a toxic free economy at the local, regional, and national level. Toles O’Laughlin is a multi-hyphenate leader, a co worker, resource and connector. She is the President and CEO of the Environmental Grantmakers Association. Previously, Toles O’Laughlin was North America Director at 350.org and 350 Action, and led the Maryland Environmental Health Network, based in Baltimore.
Dr. Sohela Nazneen is a Fellow based in the Governance cluster, leads IDS’ research on Gender and Politics and convenes IDS flagship MA in Gender and Development. Sohela’s work focuses on women’s empowerment, feminist movements and state responsiveness to gender equality policies in South Asia, sub Saharan Africa and MENA. She has published widely on these issues, including in World Development, Development Policy Review, Gender and Development and other journals. Sohela has worked as a consultant for SDC, UNWomen, UNDP, Irish Aid, The MacArthur Foundation and other agencies.
Tarso Luís Ramos has been researching and challenging the U.S. right wing for more than 25 years. Before joining Political Research Associates (PRA) in 2006, Ramos served as founding director of Western States Center’s racial justice program, and exposed and challenged corporate anti-environmental campaigns as director of the Wise Use Public Exposure Project. Ramos recently served as an activist in residence at the Barnard Center for the Study of Women and a Rockwood Leadership Institute National Yearlong Fellow for 2017–2018.
Raisa is the Manager – Programs and Innovation at CREA. Her primary area of engagement is with CREA’s work as a part of the Count Me In! (CMI!) consortium, challenging the criminalization agenda, and CREA’s initiative on feminist faultiness. For over 10 years Raisa has been working with rights based interventions on HIV/AIDS, child rights, gender justice and political participation of young people. Her work has included program implementation, policy building, network development, and research. She holds a M.A in Social Work from Tata Institute of Social Sciences, and an M.A in Gender and Development from the Institute of Development Studies.
Dr. Awino Okech is Associate Professor in Political Sociology at SOAS, University of London where she teaches in the Department of Politics and International Studies. She is also a member of the Human Sciences Research Council editorial board, the Board of Trustees of SOAS University of London, and serves as Associate Director Equity and Accountability. Her work is grounded in African feminist, queer, and Black internationalist thought as central frameworks for thinking about power and justice. Awino continues to work with and support a range of international and African feminist movement support and multilateral organizations on projects that sit at the intersection of gender and security as well as broader organizational development concerns.
EJ (as she is popularly known) has been active in feminist and social justice movements in her country, the African continent and globally. She started her development career with Women’s Action Group. Since then EJ has been one of the founders of the Zimbabwe National Constitutional Assembly, has worked in the Pan-African Women in Law and Development in Africa (WiLDAF), was part of the first Feminist Leadership Institute held at the Center for Women’s Global Leadership at Rutgers University, served as ActionAid’s International’s Global head of Women’s Rights, as well as Oxfam-Canada’s Associate Country Director in Zimbabwe. Since 2014, Everjoice has been ActionAid International’s Director for Programs and Global Engagement.
Shereen is a Zimbabwean feminist, activist, popular educator, academic and JASS Executive Director since 2020. Shereen’s work is grounded in her engagement with women in trade unions, social movements, and community-based organizations. Shereen has published widely on feminism, women’s movements, and social movement organizing in journals in South Africa and internationally.
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Onyeka Nwabunnia is a African feminist Researcher and writer with 4 years of experience working in the non-profit sector focused on social policy, gender, and international development. She holds a Masters in Gender Studies and Law from SOAS University of London and a BA in Political Science and African Studies from Colgate University. Onyeka currently works as a Research Officer for the Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Presidential Center for Women and Development in Liberia. Onyeka is the founder of the Blog Griotte, hosted on the feminist knowledge sharing platform The Only Space (TOS). As a feminist, Onyeka is driven by questions concerning how we create knowledge and understand the world.
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